Physiochemical response of papaya genotypes exposed to low temperature regimes

Susceptibility to low temperature stress is the major threat to papaya cultivation. Here, we studied a low temperature stress tolerance in papaya plant. We have investigated the effect of different low temperature regimes, 28°/18°C (day/night) to 16°/06°C (day/night) with a gradual decrease of 2°C on every two days and one set with direct exposure to the low temperature of 18°/08°C (day/night), called the acclimatized plant, in five diverse papaya genotypes (Pusa Nanha, Red Lady P-7-2, P-7-9, and P-7-14) and cold tolerant wild relative of cultivated papaya genotype (Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis V.M. Badillo) under controlled regulated conditions. It was observed that there were significant variations in the physiological and biochemical parameters like photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll content, fluorescence parameters, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), total sugars content, total soluble proteins content, lipid peroxidation, and proline accumulation in leaf tissues. Maximum stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, RWC, MSI, total sugars, total soluble proteins, proline and lowest MDA contents were observed in Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis followed by inbred P-7-9 as compared to other genotypes under low temperature stress. Among all the papaya genotypes, P-7-9 showed more adaptability to low temperature stress and it further give new insights for developing low temperature tolerant papaya genotypes, especially under changing climate situations.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Commonly used Plants for Wound Treatment in Southwestern Nigeria

Aims: Infection of wounds by microorganisms can prolong wound healing process and result in wound associated complications. Therefore, wound treatment entails the use of antimicrobial agents usually administered directly on the wound where possible to prevent microbial colonization. Traditionally, various plants have been used in wound treatment in different regions of the world. This study evaluated the contribution of the antibacterial activity of four plants commonly use in the treatment of wound in southwestern Nigeria to their ethnobotanically acclaimed wound healing property. Methodology: The antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the selected plants (Chromolaena odorata, Sida acuta, Ageratum conyzoides and Carica papaya) was evaluated using the agar well diffusion assay. Wound isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, two commonly isolated Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria from wounds were used for this study. Antibacterial activity was inferred for plant extracts that achieved zone of inhibition ? 7 mm in diameter (size of the well inclusive). Results: Generally, the ethanolic extracts of the selected plants showed better extraction yield and antibacterial activity compared to the aqueous extracts. The ethanolic extracts of the four selected plants demonstrated antibacterial activity against the test organisms used while only the aqueous extracts of Chromolaena odorata and Sida acuta showed activity against both test organisms. The aqueous extracts of Ageratum conyzoides and Carica papaya only showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Conclusion: Results from this study demonstrated that the antibacterial activity of the selected plants contributes to their acclaimed wound healing property. Although there is need to investigate the role of other non-antibacterial properties of the plants that may be associated with wound healing to fully understand the usefulness of the plants in wound treatment.

Postharvest conservation of Formosa 'Tainung 1' papaya under refrigeration, modified atmosphere, and chitosan

The objective of this work is to evaluate the use of modified atmosphere and chitosan as an alternative to chemical treatment in postharvest conservation of 'Tainung 1' papaya under refrigeration. The experiment comprised of completely randomized blocks with four replications, one fruit per replication, with a 2 × 4 × 4 factorial design as follows: two types of packaging (with or without polyvinyl chloride [PVC] stretchable film, thickness of 17 µm), four treatments (control, 2% chitosan, 4% chitosan, and prochloraz fungicide with 33.75 g a.i.·100 L­1), and four storage periods (0, 7, 14, and 21 days) at 10 °C and relative humidity (RH) of 90 ± 5%. The variables evaluated were mass loss (ML), external appearance, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS), vitamin C, reducing sugars (RS), and total sugars (TS). The storage of 'Formosa' papaya under refrigeration at 10 °C and RH of 90 ± 5% associated with PVC provided a low percentage of ML and longer conservation time of apparent quality (up to 7 days) in relation to fruits with no storage in PVC. The external appearance of fruits was preserved for up to 14 days by the PVC + 4% chitosan treatment and for up to 21 days by the PVC + prochloraz fungicide treatment. The treatment PVC + 4% chitosan associated with refrigeration is efficient in maintaining fruit quality. It is, for up to 14 days, a viable alternative to the use of prochloraz fungicide for postharvest conservation of 'Formosa' papaya.

Systems biology applied to the study of papaya fruit ripening: the influence of ethylene / Biologia de sistemas aplicada ao estudo do amadurecimento de mamões: a influência do etileno

Fruit ripening is a biochemical process that results in flavor, odor, texture, and color suitable for human consumption, in addition to providing access to important nutrients. Although ripening promotes sensory and nutritional increases in fruits, there is also an increased susceptibility to physical damage, as is the case with papaya. These transformations occur due to changes in gene expression patterns at different stages of maturity, whose control and coordination result from the combined action of plant hormones, especially ethylene. As the action of this hormone in the regulation of gene expression is still elusive, this dissertation sought to address the global analysis of the transcriptome in an overview study of molecular processes involved in the ripening of ethylene-treated and non-treated papaya. Transcription factors related to ethylene synthesis and signaling had increased activity towards exogenous-ethylene treatment. Consequently, ethylene-induced enzymes had their coding genes differentially expressed, like genes related to the synthesis of carotenoids, linalool, and vitamins, which increase color, aroma, and antioxidant activity, respectively. Metabolic pathways related to the synthesis of sugars were suppressed while genes encoding the enzyme responsible for sucrose synthesis maintained a basal expression, showing that the accumulation of sugars occurs before the ripening process. The firmness of the peel and pulp of the fruits were strongly influenced by the treatment with ethylene and by the time of the experiment, suffering the action of numerous enzymes related to the degradation of the cell wall. The main enzyme responsible for softening the pulp was polygalacturonase, together with the activity of other pectinases and cellulases. In contrast to the need for the pre-climacteric action of pectate lyase and pectinesterase reported in other fleshy fruits, such as tomatoes and strawberries, papaya did not show a significant difference in their expression. The meta-analysis of several papaya ripening transcriptomes confirmed the expression profile observed in the previous RNA-seq, besides providing statistical enrichment to the biological narratives. Finally, the present study gathered a range of robust information on the gene regulation of the papaya ripening process, which opens possibilities for future approaches to transcriptomic analysis and validates the use of papaya as a model for such studies

O amadurecimento de frutos é um processo bioquímico que resulta em sabor, odor, textura e cor adequados para o consumo humano, além de propiciar o acesso a nutrientes importantes. Apesar do amadurecimento promover incrementos sensoriais e nutricionais nos frutos, ocorre também um aumento da suscetibilidade a danos físicos, como é o caso do mamão. Essas transformações ocorrem devido às alterações nos padrões de expressão gênica nos diferentes estádios de amadurecimento, cujo controle e coordenação decorrem da ação combinada de hormônios vegetais, principalmente do etileno. Como a ação deste hormônio na regulação da expressão gênica ainda é elusiva, a presente dissertação buscou abordar a análise global do transcriptoma em um amplo estudo dos processos moleculares envolvidos no amadurecimento de mamões tratados e não tratados com etileno. Os fatores de transcrição relacionados com a síntese e a sinalização do etileno tiveram sua atividade aumentada perante o tratamento exógeno com etileno. Consequentemente, as enzimas reguladas por esse hormônio tiveram seus genes de codificação expressos diferencialmente, como foi o caso de genes relacionados à síntese de carotenoides, linalool e vitaminas, que atuam no aumento da cor, aroma e atividade antioxidante, respectivamente. Vias metabólicas relacionadas com à síntese de açúcares foram reprimidas enquanto genes codificantes da enzima responsável pela síntese de sacarose mantiveram uma expressão basal, evidenciando que o acúmulo de açúcares ocorre antes do processo de amadurecimento. A firmeza da casca e da polpa dos frutos foram fortemente influenciadas pelo tratamento com etileno e pelo tempo de experimento, sofrendo ação de inúmeras enzimas relacionadas com a degradação da parede celular. A principal enzima responsável pelo amolecimento da polpa foi a poligalacturonase, em conjunto com a atividade de outras pectinases e celulases. Em contraste com a necessidade da ação pré-climatérica da pectato liase e da pectinesterase relatada em outras frutas carnosas, como tomates e morangos, o mamão não apresentou uma diferença significativa na expressão das mesmas. A meta-análise de diversos transcriptomas do amadurecimento do mamão reafirmaram o perfil de expressão observado no RNA-seq, além de prover enriquecimento estatístico às narrativas biológicas. Por fim, o presente estudo reuniu uma gama de informações robustas sobre a regulação gênica do processo de amadurecimento do mamão papaia, o que abrange a possibilidade para futuras abordagens de análise transcriptomica e valida o uso do mamão como modelo para tais estudos

Antibacterial efficacy of Carica papaya leaf extract, probiotics, kidodent, and placebo mouthwashes in reduction of salivary Streptococcus mutans A double-blinded parallel designed randomized controlled trial

Aim: To compare the antibacterial efficacy of Kidodent, Probiotics, and Carica papaya Leaf extract mouthwashes in reducing Streptococcus mutans count in 8–12 years' old school children. Methodology: Sixty children of age group of 8–12 years were nominated and grouped as Group A (Kidodent mouthwash), Group B (probiotics mouthwash) Group C (C. papaya leaf extract mouthwash), and Group D (distilled water placebo). Probiotics sachets (Prebact) of about 1 g were diluted in 10 ml of water and given as mouthwash. C. papaya leaf extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction using ethanol as a solvent. Participants were asked to rinse with mouthwashes for 30 s once daily for up to 15 days. Saliva samples were collected and inoculated using Salivarius Mitis and Agar Agar Type I at 38°C for 24 h and incubated, later colony-forming units per milliliter were determined by serial dilution and calculated using colony counter manually. Statistical Analysis: Data were statistically analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and t-test using the SPSS V.20 software. Results: Probiotics and C. papaya leaf extract mouthwashes were equally effective as Kidodent in reducing S. mutans count in saliva. Conclusion: Probiotics and C. papaya leaf extract mouthwashes manifested potential efficacy in reduction of S. mutans.

Evaluation of Caripill™ as a component of platelet storage solution

ABSTRACT Background Carica papaya Linn. has high nutraceutical and pharmacological values. The leaves possess antimicrobial, anti-tumor and antioxidant properties. They are used to treat thrombocytopenia during dengue fever and the leaf extract is commercially available as tablets under the name Caripill™ (MicroLabs, Bengaluru). Nevertheless, platelet transfusion is recommended in severe cases of thrombocytopenia, but the platelet storage is limited to 5-7 days at 22−24 °C. Reducing oxidative stress (OS) during platelet storage might help in prolonging the shelf-life, since the OS is known to cause platelet storage lesion. Hence, this study investigated the effects of Caripill™ as an additive in Tyrode's buffer during extended platelet storage. Methods Platelets isolated from 4 months old male Wistar rats were stored with Caripill™ (50 and 100 µg/ml) at 22 °C for 12 days. Platelet functional and metabolic markers and various OS markers were analyzed on days 0, 4, 8 and 12. Results Caripill™ (50 and 100 µg/ml) maintained platelet functions and lactate dehydrogenase, elevated nitrites, reduced glucose consumption, protected proteins and up-regulated the antioxidant enzymes. However, the CP100 up-regulated catalase from day 4, elevated nitrites from day 8, prevented the formation of secondary products of lipid peroxidation and increased the total antioxidant capacity on day 4. Conclusions Caripill™ reduced platelet storage lesion up to day 8 of storage. Results suggest that a higher concentration of Caripill™ was more effective in combating the oxidative damage during platelet storage. This study throws light on the beneficial effects of Caripill™ in combating oxidative stress during platelet storage.

Blanching of papaya: effect on osmotic dehydration and characterization of the fruit invertase / Branqueamento de mamão: efeito na desidratação osmótica e caracterização da invertase da fruta

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated the influence of blanching on osmotic dehydration in sucrose solutions of papaya of Formosa cultivar. The characterization of invertase present in the fruits was also done. Blanching possibly caused damages to the cellular structure resulting in higher water loss, sugar gain and, thus, effective diffusion coefficients than fresh papayas during osmotic dehydration. The invertase extracted from papaya pulp presented optimum temperature of 45 °C and optimum pH of 4.8. Considering the low production cost of papaya and the invertase characteristics, the fruit shows to be a potential source for the referred enzyme extraction.

RESUMO: O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência do branqueamento na desidratação osmótica de mamão Formosa em soluções de sacarose. A caracterização da invertase presente nos frutos também foi realizada. O branqueamento possivelmente danificou a estrutura celular do vegetal resultando em maior perda de água, ganho de açúcar e, consequentemente, maior coeficiente de difusão do que os mamões frescos após a desidratação osmótica. A invertase extraída da polpa do mamão apresentou temperatura ótima de 45 °C e pH ótimo de 4.8. Considerando o baixo custo de produção do mamão e as características da invertase, essa fruta apresenta-se como potencial fonte de extração da enzima.

Toxicidad amoniacal afecta la absorción de cationes y el crecimiento de plantas de papaya inclusive con adición de silicio / Ammonia toxicity affects cations uptake and growth in papaya plants inclusive with silicon addition

ABSTRACT High ammonia (NH4 +) concentration can exert stress on many plants, which causes nutritional disorders and reduction on plant growth. However, depending on the intensity of the stress, it may be attenuated by silicon. In this work, the response of impact of cations and silicon accumulations and plant growth in cultivated papaya plants was investigated under different toxic ammonia concentrations regardless of the presence of silicon (Si). The experiment was conducted at the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) with papaya seedlings, variety 'Grupo Formosa' (Calimosa híbrida 01), grown in a glass greenhouse, in 1.7 dm3 pots filled with pine and coconut fiber-based substrate. The experimental design was a randomized block design, in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement. There were five ammonium concentrations: 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 mmol L-1 that were delivered via nutrient solution, in the absence and presence of Si (2 mmol L-1), with five replicates. After 31 days of growth, the cations and silicon accumulations in the shoot, plant height, stem diameter, root, and shoot dry matter were evaluated. Results revealed that increased ammonia concentration showed toxicity in papaya plants and stronger reductions in Ca, Mg, K and Si accumulations, plant heights, stem diameters, and root and shoot dry matter production, even when silicon was present and with greater effects on the shoot dry matter (87 %) than that of the roots (13 %).

RESUMEN Las altas concentraciones de amonio (NH4+) pueden ejercer estrés en las plantas cultivadas, lo que causa trastornos nutricionales y reducción del crecimiento. Sin embargo, dependiendo de la intensidad del estrés, este puede atenuarse mediante el silicio (Si). En este trabajo, se investigó la respuesta de la acumulación de cationes y silicio y el crecimiento de plantas de papaya cultivadas en diferentes concentraciones tóxicas de amonio independientemente de la presencia de silicio. El experimento se realizó en la Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), con plántulas de papaya, variedad Grupo Formosa (Calimosa híbrida 01), cultivadas en invernadero, en macetas de 1,7 dm3, rellenas con sustrato a base de fibra de pino y coco. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar, en esquema factorial 5x2, con cinco concentraciones de amonio 10, 20, 40, 80 y 100 mmol L-1, en la ausencia y presencia de Si (2 mmol L-1), con cinco repeticiones. A los 31 días posteriores del inicio de los tratamientos, se evaluó la acumulación de calcio, magnesio, nitrógeno, potasio y silicio, altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo y la materia seca de la raíz y los brotes. Los resultados revelaron que el aumento de la concentración de amonio mostró toxicidad en plantas de papaya y una reducción en la acumulación de calcio, magnesio, potasio y silicio, la altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo y la producción de materia seca de raíces y brotes, aunque el silicio esté presente, con mayor afectación en la materia seca de los brotes (87 %) que en las raíces (13 %).

In vitro study on the antioxidant activity of methanolic leaf extract of Carica papaya

Background: Newer drug research worldwide is now focusing on medicinal plants for ensuring health and vitality due to the seemingly safer side effect profile and abundance of plants in nature, compared to synthetic drugs. Antioxidants are vital in preventing free radical induced tissue damage. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Carica papaya using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH). Phytochemical tests proved the presence of bioactive ingredients in the extract.Methods: DPPH free radical assay, one of the most accurate methods for evaluating antioxidant activity, was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of leaves of C. papaya.Results: The methanolic leaf extract of C. papaya showed antioxidant property with free radical scavenging activity increasing with increase in concentration. The IC50 value of methanolic extract was 213.68 礸m/ml. Ascorbic acid was used as control.Conclusions: Oxidative stress has been linked to heart disease, cancer, immune deficiency. Antioxidants as suggested from various studies may reduce the risk of such diseases. The utility of C. papaya in the treatment of heart disease, cancer and immune deficiency will have to be proved by detailed evaluation of its pharmacological properties.

Physiochemical Screening of Carica papaya Leaves with Specific Reference to Their Pharmacognostical Evaluation

Carica papaya is made to develop pharmacognostical characters of leaf with their morphological, microscopical, and physical characters including histochemical analysis. Morphological evaluation as color, odor, taste, size, shape, surface, and powder microscopy of plant shows the presence of endosperm cell which is polygonal in shape and contains aleurone grains and oil droplet, cell of testa, yellow coloring matter, and starch grains. Quantitative leaf microscopy to determine palisade ratio, stomata index, and vein-islet number is carried out. Peels are removed mechanically through epidermal peeling off and stomatal index (SI) is calculated. The vein-islet number, vein termination number, and palisade ratio of lamina are determined according to the standard method. We prepared the extracts of plant with different solvents for determining the different extractive values by maceration, Soxhlet extraction, successive extraction process, and determination of ash values, pH value, moisture content, and phytochemical screening to show the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, saponins, and lipids in the drug extract and fluorescence analysis in different solvent. Analysis of pesticide residues, aflatoxin, and heavy metals are also performed

Oxidative foliar photo-necrosis produced by the bacteria Pseudomonas cedrina

BACKGROUND: Although bioactive metabolites capable of causing oxidative photo-necrosis in plant tissues have been identified in fungi, little is known about this type of mechanism in bacteria. These metabolites act as photosensitizers that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) capable of causing damage to cells. In addition, these metabolites can pass into an energetically excited state when they receive some luminous stimulus, a condition in which they interact with other molecules present in the environment, such as molecular oxygen (O2), also known as triplet oxygen (3 O2), generating ROS. RESULTS: The suspension of the bacterial culture of Pseudomonas cedrina was shown to produce foliar necrosis in papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) only in the presence of sunlight, which is evidence of photosensitizing mechanisms that generate singlet oxygen (1 O2). From the chemical study of extracts obtained from this bacteria, 3-(4-(2-carboxipropyl) phenyl) but-2-enoic acid (1) was isolated. This compound, in the presence of light and triplet oxygen (3 O2), was able to oxidize ergosterol to its peroxide, since it acted as a photosensitizer producing 1 O2, with which it was corroborated that a photosensitization reaction occurs, mechanism by which this bacterium could prove to cause oxidative foliar photo-necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: P. cedrina was able to induce oxidative foliar photo-necrosis because of its potential ability to produce photosensitizing metabolites that generate singlet oxygen in the plants it colonizes. Based on the above, it can be proposed that some bacteria can cause oxidative foliar photo-necrosis as an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of host species.

Molecular docking and its application in search of antisickling agent from Carica papaya

Understanding the protein–ligand interaction is a fundamental step for drug discovery in numerouspharmaceutical enterprises. The integration of computational and experimental process can reduce the timeand cost for the advancement of novel medications. Molecular docking is one of the modern drug designingstrategies, which explore the competence of a ligand by computing the minimum binding energy. Dockingis utilized in virtual screening of enormous databases of compounds for hit identification and assessing theimpact of chemical modifications during lead optimization. Sickle cell disease is a serious issue that affectspeople worldwide. Leaf extracts and ripe fruits of Carica papaya have been identified for curing sickle celldisease. Molecular docking approach using ArgusLab 4.0.1 was used to study the interaction between 24different phytocompounds of C. papaya and sickle cell protein [2 Deoxyhemoglobin S (2HBS)] to identify thebest phytocompounds for curing sickle cell disease. Three phytocompounds, Xanthoangelol D, N-[(4R)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-6-oxo-4,5-dihydro-H-pyrimidin-2-yl]-3-methoxybenzamide, and Carpaine showed the highestinhibitory activity against the 2HBS protein which may become potent anti-protein drugs for the treatment ofsickle cell disease with the support of further studies.

Phylogeographic distribution of asperisporium caricae isolates in brazilian southeastern and northeastern coastal regions / Distribuição filogeográfica de isolados de Asperisporium caricae no litoral do sudeste e nordeste brasileiro

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the main tropical fruits consumed in Brazil. The country is also one of the main papaya exporters, but one of the factors hindering its production lies on foliar diseases such as papaya black spot, which is caused by fungus Asperisporium caricae. This pathogen is widely distributed in the main producing regions of the Brazilian coastal area. Phylogeographic studies contribute to the knowledge about the genetic diversity and geographical distribution of genealogical lineages (haplotypes) and help better understanding the reproductive and evolutionary processes of closely related species or of a single species. Such information is useful in studies about phytopathogenic fungi because it enables identifying the most prevalent genealogical lineages in a given location, as well as inferring dispersal routes and providing information on the origin and frequency of exotic material introduction events. Results in this type of study can significantly help developing new disease control strategies. Literature still lacks studies on the Papaya x A. caricae pathosystem. Based on the phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis applied to nucleotide sequences of the Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene, we herein address the genealogical and dispersal events recorded for this pathogen in order to better understand its evolution in, and adaptation to, Brazilian orchards. Three haplotypes were identified among the A. caricae isolates; their distribution was mostly related to the geographic distance between sample collection regions rather than to any reproductive or evolutionary processes presented by the species. The low variability among the herein studied isolates may result from the physiological specialization (survival exclusively associated with the host plant) and from the regional transport of contaminated fruits (with lesions and spores), besides the low contribution of reproductive events, which corroborate the lack of knowledge about the sexual stages of A. caricae.

O mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.), é uma das principais frutas tropicais consumidas no Brasil. O país é um dos principais exportadores de mamão e um dos gargalos da produção mundial está diretamente ligado à ocorrência de doenças foliares, podendo-se destacar a pinta-preta do mamoeiro, causada pelo fungo Asperisporium caricae. O patógeno está amplamente distribuído nas principais regiões produtoras, as quais englobam grande parte do litoral Brasileiro. Estudos filogeográficos contribuem não só para oconhecimento da diversidade genética e da distribuição geográfica das linhagens genealógicas (haplótipos), como também contribuem para o conhecimento dos processos reprodutivos e evolutivos de uma espécie ou de espécies estreitamente relacionadas. No estudo de fungos fitopatogênicos, tais informações são úteis para identificar linhagens genealógicas mais prevalentes em um determinado local, inferir as rotas de dispersão e fornecer informações sobre a origem e frequência dos eventos de introdução de material exótico. Este tipo de estudo produz resultados que podem colaborar significativamente na elaboração de novas estratégias de controle da doença. Não existe, até o presente momento, este tipo de estudo para o patossistema Mamoeiro x A. caricae. Neste trabalho, por meio da análise filogenética e filogeográfica, a partir de sequências nucleotídicas do gene Internal transcribed spacer (ITS), discutimos os eventos genealógicos e de dispersão deste patógeno com o intuito de compreender melhor sua evolução e adaptação nos pomares brasileiros. Dentre os isolados de A. caricae foram identificados 3 haplótipos, sendo sua distribuição relacionada mais ao distanciamento geográfico das regiões das coletas das amostras do que a eventuais processos reprodutivos ou evolutivos da espécie. Acredita-se que a baixa variabilidade dentre os isolados estudados seja explicada pela especialização fisiológica (sobrevivência exclusivamente associada à planta hospedeira) e ao transporte regional de frutos contaminados (com lesões e esporos), sendo baixa a contribuição de eventos reprodutivos, o que corrobora o desconhecimento de fase sexual de A. caricae.

Optimal size of experimental plots of papaya trees using a modified maximum curvature method / Tamanhoótimo da parcela experimental em mamoeiro pelo método da máxima curvatura modificado

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the optimum plot size for the papaya crop by using the modified maximum curvature method under soil and climatic conditions of the Recôncavo Baiano. The experiment comprised a uniformity test using the CNPMF-L78 strain developed by Embrapa Mandioca and Fruticultura, planted at a spacing of 3 m x 2 m, with 16 central rows and 22 plants per row, totaling 352 plants and an area of 2,112 m2. The following parameters were evaluated: plant height and diameter; height of insertion of the first fruits; precocity; number of commercial fruits per plant; productivity; length, diameter, weight, firmness, internal cavity diameter, pulp thickness, and soluble fruit solids. Each plant was considered as a basic unit, with an area of 6 m2, thus making up 352 basic units whose adjacent units were combined to form 11 pre-established parcel arrangements with rectangular and row formats. The optimal plot size is seven plants perpendicular to the crop rows, that is, seven rows with one plant in each row, corresponding to the area of 42 m2, considering spacing of 3 m between rows and 2 m between papaya plants in the soil and climatic conditions of the Recôncavo Baiano.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar o tamanho ótimo de parcela para a cultura do mamoeiro pelo método da máxima curvatura modificado sob condições edafoclimáticas do Recôncavo Baiano. O experimento constituiu-se de um ensaio de uniformidade, utilizando a linhagem CNPMF-L78, desenvolvida pela Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, plantada no espaçamento de 3 m x 2 m, consideradas como útil as 16 fileiras centrais com 22 plantas por fileira, totalizando 352 plantas e área de 2.112 m2. Foram avaliados: altura e diâmetro das plantas; altura de inserção dos primeiros frutos; precocidade de colheita; número de frutos comerciais por planta; produtividade; comprimento, diâmetro, peso, firmeza, diâmetro da cavidade interna, espessura da polpa e sólidos solúveis dos frutos. Nas avaliações, cada planta foi considerada como uma unidade básica, área de 6 m2, perfazendo assim, 352 unidades básicas, cujas as adjacentes foram combinadas de modo a formar 11 arranjos de parcelas pré-estabelecidos com formatos retangulares e em fileiras. O tamanho ótimo de parcela é de sete plantas, com sentido perpendicular às fileiras do cultivo, ou seja, sete fileiras com uma planta em cada fileira, correspondente à área de 42 m2, considerando espaçamento de 3 m entre linhas e 2 m entre plantas de mamoeiro nas condições edafoclimáticas do Recôncavo Baiano.

A post marketing randomized placebo controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of study product UPLAT® (Carica papaya leaf extract + Tinospora cordifolia extract) in the cancer patients with thrombocytopenia induced by chemotherapy

Background:Thrombocytopenia refers to abnormal decrease in platelet count in an individual. The condition may rise at different grades of severity in cancer patients under chemotherapy. In most of the cases, thrombocytopenic condition of cancer patient becomes a major therapy limiting factor. Generally, the treatment of thrombocytopenia lies in dose reduction and/or dose delay but this may adversely affect the treatment plan of cancer. Therefore, managing chemotherapy induced thrombocytopenia is still a challenge. This study was conducted to examine the platelet count improving effect of marketed product UPLAT® (Carica papayaleaf extract + Tinospora cordifoliaextract) in cancer patients with chemotherapy induced thrombocytopenia (CIT).Methods:Fourty (40) subjects were recruited as „case? and twenty (20) as „control?. „Cases? were cancer patients with chemotherapy induced thrombocytopenia. UPLAT® containing following active ingredients;Carica papayaleaf extract: 350mg (standardized to 2% flavonoids)and Tinospora cardifoliaextract: 150mg (standardized to 3% bitters) was given twice daily (2units each) for 10 consecutive days. Platelet count was observed at baseline and day 15 (end of the study). Then pre and post-treatment platelet counts were compared individually in both arms by statistical tests. Response was evaluated in fourty (40) „cases? and twenty „control?y.Results:Mean change for platelet count in case group (93990.00±63896.73) was much higher than control group(27600.00±29758.42).No adverse events with the treatment were observed. Conclusions: This study proves the effectiveness of platelet booster UPLAT® (combination of Carica papayaleaf extract and Tinospora cordifolia) as it significantly increased thrombocytes/platelet count in post-chemotherapy cancer patients.

Evaluation of papaya genotypes using agronomic descriptors and estimation of genetic parameters / Descritores agronômicos e parâmetros genéticos na avaliação de genótipos de mamoeiros

In Brazil, the improvement of papaya agribusiness is correlated to the estimation of genetic parameters and evaluation of agronomic descriptors; thus enabling less favourable areas for the development and implementation of papaya crops. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate quantitative descriptors and to estimate genetic parameters in genotypes of papaya grown under subtropical climate in the state of São Paulo. The experimental design was randomized in block. The experimental units were grouped into seven blocks of five plants each and three treatments, which consisted of three different varieties: Sunrise Solo, Tainung nº1 and local. The psychochemical properties were analysed for plant height; intersection height of first fruits; stem diameter; male, female and hermaphroditic flower percentage; fruit number per plant; production; yield; normal fruits percentage, carpeloid and pentandric fruits; pulp matter; pulp length; pulp diameter; pulp shape; pulp cavity; pulp thickness; peel performance; pulp performance; seeds performance; seeds number; soluble solids; pH; titratable acidity; ratio; technological index; ascorbic acid and reducing sugars. Furthermore, most agronomic descriptors showed high heritability; besides that, the varieties Sunrise Solo and Tainung nº1 performed the best results in Botucatu.

A estimativa de parâmetros genéticos e a avaliação de descritores agronômicos do mamoeiro pode contribuir com o desenvolvimento do agronegócio do mamão no Brasil, permitindo a expansão de novos cultivos em regiões menos favoráveis para sua exploração comercial. Frente ao exposto, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar descritores quantitativos e estimar parâmetros genéticos em genótipos de mamoeiro, cultivados em clima subtropical do estado de São Paulo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três tratamentos (variedade Sunrise Solo, híbrido Tainung nº1 e variedade local) e sete blocos, utilizando cinco plantas por parcela experimental. Foram mensuradas as seguintes caraterísticas: altura das plantas e da interseção dos primeiros frutos; diâmetro do caule; porcentagens de plantas masculinas, femininas e hermafroditas; número de frutos por planta; produção; produtividade; porcentagem de frutos normais, carpelóides e pentândricos; massa, comprimento, diâmetro, formato, diâmetro da cavidade interna e espessura da polpa dos frutos; rendimento de casca, de polpa e de sementes; número de sementes; sólidos solúveis; pH; acidez titulável; ratio; índice tecnológico; ácido ascórbico e açúcares redutores. Foi possível inferir com o estudo que há alta herdabilidade quanto à maioria dos descritores agronômicos avaliados e que os bons resultados para a variedade Sunrise Solo e o híbrido Tainung nº 1, possibilitam a indicação desses genótipos para cultivo, na região de Botucatu ­ SP.

Effect of Carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) on thrombocytopenia among dengue patients of tertiary care hospital, Chitradurga, India

Background: Dengue is a global public health problem and thrombocytopenia associated with it is a serious complication for which there is no specific treatment available. This study was done to assess the effect of Carica papaya Leaf Extract (CPLE) on thrombocytopenia associated with Dengue and to study other clinical parameters of dengue.Methods: A longitudinal study conducted in Department of General Medicine, BMCH, Chitradurga, from September 2017 to March 2018. All the participants were randomized into two groups by simple randomization by lot method. Study group was given Carica papaya Leaf Extract (CPLE) and routine supportive treatment for other group. The patients were followed from the day of admission till their discharge from hospital. The platelet counts and other baseline hematological investigations, duration of hospital stay in both the groups were compared statistically by unpaired t-test.Results: There were total 127 males and 73 females. Age groups were comparable in both the groups. Most common presenting complaints were fever (100%) followed by headache (85%), myalgia (81.4%), fatigue (75%), arthralgia (65%). On admission baseline investigations were done and mean levels of both groups were compared. It was found that there was only significant difference of mean RBC levels (p=0.045). When followed up with daily platelet counts of both the groups, it was seen that there was increase in platelet counts in study group compared to placebo group and on third day there was significant difference between both (p=0.002). It was also found that discharge rate is earlier in study group than placebo group.Conclusions: Carica papaya leaf extract accelerates the increase in platelet count and reduces the hospital stay. So, it can be used as supplementary drug to reduce complications.

Role of Carica papaya leaf extract tablets/capsules on platelet counts in cases of dengue thrombocytopenia

Background: Thrombocytopenia is the hallmark laboratory finding in dengue fever and leads to bleeding manifestations when reduced markedly. So, this causes panic amongst the patient and relatives about the possibility of severity and leading to various complications including bleeding tendencies. Platelet transfusion is the only definitive treatment and it is indicated only in severe cases with bleeding manifestations. Prophylactic platelet transfusion is not much useful unless it’s reduced below 10,000cells/cumm. Carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) are believed to have some role in improving platelets and its role is unclear. Hence, this study is taken up to evaluate the role of CPLE in improving dengue thrombocytopenia.Methods: Total 500 patients were included in the study; out of which 380 were males and 120 were females. Patients of dengue fever with thrombocytopenia (Platelet count <1, 50,000 cells/cumm) matching inclusion criteria were included in the study. After the inclusion, patients were randomized into two groups. Study group and control group by simple randomization (even/odd method). The study group treated with CPLE 1100mg three times daily for five days along with symptomatic and supportive treatment. The control group was given only symptomatic and supportive treatment. The average platelet count, average duration of stay and transfusion requirement of platelets were compared using student ‘t’ test.Results: Increased platelet counts were noted early in the treated group than the controlled group. The average duration of hospital stay was 5.42±0.98 days in study group and 7.2±0.97 days in controlled group. The requirement of platelets is more in control group than study group and it was statistically significant.Conclusions: Carica papaya leaf extract tablets can be used in patients with dengue thrombocytopenia with clear advantages over control group

Efecto de recubrimientos de almidón modificado de yuca, proteina aislada de soya y aceite esencial de orégano aplicados a la papaya / Effect of modified yuca starch coatings, isolated protein of soya and oregano essential oil applied to the papaya

RESUMEN La papaya tiene elevada demanda en el mundo; sin embargo, la producción y la exportación se afectan por microorganismos fitopatógenos y pérdidas pos cosecha, cercanas al 25-40% en la cadena de suministro, sobre todo, en transporte y en almacenamiento, debido a un deficiente manejo. La aplicación de recubrimientos comestibles permite mejorar el brillo y la textura de la corteza, reducir el deterioro de la calidad fisicoquímica y organoléptica, la pérdida de peso por deshidratación y el intercambio de gases. Por lo anterior, durante trece días, en papayas recubiertas con almidón de yuca modificado variedad SM 707-17 (4%), proteína aislada de soya (2%) y aceite esencial de orégano (250ppm y 500ppm), se evaluó el efecto sobre pérdida de peso, de color, de firmeza, de sólidos solubles, de respiración, de pH, de acidez titulable y de crecimiento del Fusarium spp., a condiciones ambientales, mediante un diseño completamente al azar con dos factores, tiempo y tratamientos. El experimento, se hizo por triplicado y los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis estadístico, utilizando el programa SPSS V.23. Los resultados indicaron que la utilización de almidón, por sí solo o combinado con aceite esencial de orégano (250ppm) y proteína aislada, lograron reducir la pérdida de peso, controlar la respiración al reducir el porcentaje de CO2 y retardar el desarrollo del color amarillo y rojo en las papayas frente al control, además de retrasar el crecimiento del hongo Fusarium solani; también, se encontró que los recubrimientos no incidieron sobre características fisicoquímicas, como el pH, la acidez titulable, los sólidos solubles y la firmeza de los frutos.

SUMMARY The papaya has a high demand in the world, however, its production and export are affected by phytopathogenic microorganisms and post-harvest losses close to 25-40% in the supply chain, especially in transport and storage due to poor management. The application of edible coatings improves the gloss and texture of the bark, reduces the deterioration of the physicochemical and organoleptic quality, the weight loss due to dehydration, and the exchange of gases. Therefore, for thirteen days, papayas were coated with cassava starch modified SM 707-17 variety (4%), isolated soy protein (2%) and oregano essential oil (250ppm and 500ppm). The effect was evaluated on weight loss, color, firmness, soluble solids, respiration, pH, titulable acidity and growth of Fusarium spp., to environmental conditions. A completely random design with two factors, time and treatments, the experiment was done in triplicate, and the data were subjected to a statistical analysis using the SPSS V.23 program. The results indicated that the use of starch alone or combined with essential oil of oregano (250ppm) and isolated protein were able to reduce weight loss, control respiration (CO2 percent) and slow down the development of the yellow and red color in the papayas against the control in addition to delaying the growth of the fungus Fusarium spp. It was also found that the coatings did not affect physicochemical characteristics such as pH, titulable acidity, soluble solids, and firmness of the fruits.

Efecto del consumo de pulpa de Carica papaya sobre la glicemia y peso de ratones normo e hiperglicémicos por aloxano / Effect of consumption of Carica papaya pulp on glycaemia and weight of normo and alloxan induced hyperglycemic mice

La Diabetes Mellitus se caracteriza por la menor capacidad del organismo de utilizar la glucosa, en la diabetes de tipo 2, la obesidad es el factor más relevante y más posible de prevenir. En este estudio se determinó el efecto del consumo de la pulpa de papaya o mamón (Carica papaya) sobre la glicemia y el peso corporal en ratones albinos suizos machos normo e hiperglicémicos inducidos por aloxano. Se organizaron cuatro grupos de seis ratones cada uno. Grupo I: normoglicémicos con dieta estándar, Grupo II: hiperglicémicos con dieta estándar, Grupo III: normoglicémicos con dieta estándar y papaya, Grupo IV: hiperglicémicos con dieta estándar y papaya, el experimento duró 28 días. Los valores obtenidos indican un descenso significativo en la glicemia de los animales del grupo hiperglicémico que fue alimentado con la pulpa de papaya (p<0,01), y también se observó una reducción estadísticamente significativa (p<0,001) en el peso corporal de los animales normoglicémicos que recibieron la pulpa de papaya. El consumo de C. papaya en los animales hiperglicémicos mejoró la glicemia, y produjo un impacto positivo en el metabolismo de la glucosa, y además disminuyó significativamente el peso corporal en los animales normoglicémicos(AU)

Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by the lower capacity of the body to use glucose, in type 2 diabetes, obesity is the most relevant environmental factor and most possible to prevent. In this study, the effect of the consumption of papaya pulp (Carica papaya) on glycaemia and body weight in male Swiss albino mice and hyperglycemic mice induced by alloxan was determined. Four groups of six mice each were organized. Group I: normoglycemic with standard diet, Group II: hyperglycemic with standard diet, Group III: normoglycemic with standard diet and papaya, Group IV: hyperglycemic with standard diet and papaya, the experiment lasted 28 days. The results showed a significant decrease in the glycaemia of animals in hyperglycemic group that was fed with the papaya pulp (p <0.01), and also a statistically significant reduction (p <0.001) in the body weight in normoglycemic mice fed with standard diet and papaya. The consumption of C. papaya in hyperglycemic animals improved the glycaemia, and positively impacted in glucose metabolism, additionally induced a significant reduction on the body weight of normoglycemic animals(AU)